Managed Change at Toyota Australia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managed Change at Toyota Australia - Case Study Example What we assumed was a temporary circumstance has  turned into a permanent situation. This drop of 36% in just four years shows the scale of our  challenges.† (Toyota Motor Corporation Australia 2012) As Mr. Yasuda notes, business is down and the trend is not temporary, but has been in process for the past four years. Export volumes are down, and not only that, the competitiveness of Australian-made Toyota vehicles is also noted to be down. The Australian currency's strength has likewise negatively impacted the volumes, because of the higher prices owing to the improved currency valuation versus other currencies. This makes Toyota in Australia less competitive in terms of cost too, in comparison to other markets and other production locations in the world (Toyota Motor Corporation Australia 2012). As of the time of the announcement, Mr. Yasuda also noted that the changes that were being made in the Toyota operations in Australia were geared for the long term, and towards mak ing Toyota Australia competitive under the changed operating condition and market conditions in the world. Those market changes are long-term, and so must the changes. The workforce is to undergo adjustment to align it with the company's long-term plans, and that adjustment may mean re-training and reorganizing the workforce. That can also include renegotiating wages and working arrangements as well. Sourcing for parts is to be optimized for cost and efficiency. Efficiency gains are to be a primary goal. As well the overall cost structure of the manufacturing facilities and the entire operations is to be optimized (Toyota Motor Corporation Australia 2012; Beissman 2012; Beissman 2012 (b)). That said, it is to be noted that Toyota in... The company basically made use of fundamental change management tools centering on communication and in the explanation of the fundamental reasons for the change. There is, first of all, the use of systematic modes of managing the personnel side of the change, via planned layoffs that reflect the changed fundamentals of the company's financial viability. As well the company communicated and validated how the external market conditions necessitated such personnel change. The literature calls this making a formal case out of the planned changes. No doubt with the fact that Toyota Australia is not alone in facing difficulties in the domestic and international markets, and the fact that government itself had acknowledged the changed and difficult market conditions, made it easy for Toyota Australia to make the formal case for change. The formal case made by the CEO is one that is also a solid business case. There are good business reasons for the changes, in other words, and that was the message and the formal case that made it easier for Toyota Australia to sell the idea of the planned changes not only to employees but to the market in general.

Introduction to Sociology Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Sociology Essay In this paper it will evaluate the impact of sociological behind what we call family and social change that has evolved during the ages. There are three factors that must be reviewed Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism. 1. Functionalism * Functionalism would claim that each member of the family is interdependent and contributes to the functioning of the family. * Family members play their role and have great attitudes there is balance, peace and unity in the family. * The rebel against his or her role then the role as a family as a whole suffers imbalance, stress, disunity and dysfunctional tendencies. * Each member has some power to agree to disagree what is decided. * By having input into decisions each member feels validated and the family can grow based on the idea of consensus rather than authoritarianism. 2. The functionalist theory is a sociological philosophy that attempts to explain social institutions as collective means to fill individual biological needs. 3. The Conflict Theory is a theory that states that society or an organization functions so that each individual participant and its group struggle to maximize their benefits which inevitably contributes to social change such as political views and revolutions. * The theory of conflict within families starts with the premises that family members undergo conflicts and disharmony. * The study includes family dynamics and the roles played by various family members. * The source of the power and the causes of the conflict must be identified. * When the family is dissected and the sources of conflict and power identified the family can better and more effective ways to communicate. * The study of dynamics can help members become more empathetic and understanding of the underlying causes of their conflict. 4. The interactism theory has become one of the dominant sociological perspectives in the world today. The theory studies individuals and how they interact in society. * Symbolic interaction theory describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. * This theory focuses attention to the way people interact through words, gestures rules and roles. * It is based on how humans develop a complex set of symbols to give meaning to the world. * Understanding these symbols is important in understanding human behavior. * Symbolic interactionism unique contributions to family are families are social groups and that individuals develop both a concept of self and their identities through social interactions. * Symbolic interactism is the way we learn and give meaning to the world through our interactions with others. 5. All three theories, interactism, conflict, and functionalism have to do with social and mental states of the family being determined by a specific role or condition. 6. Functionalist is a macro level analysis. It focuses on how people come together to create society. * It also focuses on whether the actions are good for the equilibrium of society and these are called dysfunctions. * Conflict theory do not see society as whole coming together well for one purpose. It focuses on class conflict. * The main difference between the three is that functionalism and conflict are macro level. Symbolic interactism is micro-level. The beginning of life is the institution most responsible for the achievement of adult satisfaction and social integration. The beginning of human life begins with the family institution; depending on the upbringing of the person will likely determine the social future for society. * Functionalists view the family from the standpoint of universal functions the family provides to society. * Symbolic interactions views family as to what they can bring into society from study how they interact with each other. * Conflict theory focuses on class conflict or the conflict with the family as a group. Conclusion: Each theory will affect social change within the selected institution and depending on how each person uses this information will depend on how society views them as a whole. References: WWW. How does interactionism theory apply to family.edu Social Interactism theory by Lee Flamed.edu Conflict theory- New World Encyclopedia. Functilism theory- New World Encyclopedia Vising, Y (2011). Introduction to Sociology. San Diego, CA: Bridge point Education,Inc. *

The Errors in Affirmative Action :: Critical Thinking Essays

Although much of the reasoning behind Affirmative Action is good, it goes wrong in a few major ways. Affirmative action is meant to bring an end to discrimination. In trying to do so, though, it elevates the so-called disadvantaged minorities above other groups. In addition, the members of the particular minority groups are stereotyped according to the group they are in rather than being looked at as an individual. Affirmative action also makes the assumption that minority groups are, in fact, disadvantaged. Another result is that the tables are turned and whites are discriminated against. Lastly, and most importantly, Affirmative Action can force people to go against their religious beliefs, and in doing so, it breaks the First Amendment to the Constitution. To begin with, Affirmative Action is meant to bring an end to discrimination. In reality, it creates more discrimination in many different ways. For example, members of minorities are elevated above those in other groups. As the book states, Affirmative Action "seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged. Favoring one group isn't any way of solving discrimination problems; it just creates more dissension between groups. According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, discrimination means "to mark or perceive the distinguishing or peculiar features of." Affirmative Action directly creates discrimination. People of minority groups are stereotyped, often incorrectly, as being disadvantaged, simply because they are a member of that group. Not only is it stereotyping of minorities, but also of whites. It creates the assumption that whites are better off than minorities. Affirmative Action looks at the members of a group and makes assumptions, stereotyping the members in the group rather than taking each member of the group and examining that person. Members of minority groups often feel inferior because, as members of those groups, they get special privileges. According to the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States, the government cannot make laws "respecting an establishment of religion." The government cannot both support Affirmative Action and uphold the first amendment at the same time. The goals, actions, and restrictions resulting from Affirmative Action can easily be against a person's religious beliefs. Take, for example, beliefs on homosexuality. What happens to a religious organization that is against homosexuality and wants to have only straight members of their religion hired. According to Affirmative Action, they can't discriminate based on sexual orientation or religion.

Congestive Heart Disease Essay

The main function of a healthy heart is to ensure proper blood flow throughout the body and supplying all the organs with the nutrients that are necessary for survival. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is also known as Congestive heart disease, but for this paper we will use failure, Consistent with the research. Congestive heart failure is a disease that primarily causes the heart to be compromised. This leaves the heart unable to perform the main function of pumping blood throughout the body to maintain homeostasis. Congestive heart failure affects mostly individuals 65 years and older; however it can happen at any time. Anderson, et al 2010). According to Goldberg & Konstam, â€Å"It is also one of the most common forms of heart disease. Approximately 4. 9 million Americans suffer from CHF, with about 400,000 new cases diagnosed annually. † (as cited in Mithal, Mann, & Stone, 2002, p. 46). Prevention methods are important factors for avoiding this disease. There are several treatments available for congestive heart failure that focus on reducing fluids from the body to remove congestion from the heart or reduce blood pressure in the arteries. The heart can be described as muscular pump; it’s primary function is to pump blood. The heart consists of four chambers. The upper two chambers are called the atriums and the lower two chambers are called the ventricles. As the heart contracts, blood is pumped through the body with the assistance of four heart valves. Blood that is low in oxygen flows back to the heart after circulating through the body. The blood enters through veins and enters the right atrium. This chamber empties blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle continues to pump the blood under low pressure through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. The blood is now directed to the lungs where it gets fresh oxygen. After the blood is oxygenized, the blood will have a bright red appearance, and it is now considered rich with oxygen. The blood will now return to the left heart through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. From there it passes through the mitral valve and enters the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood out through the aortic valve into the aorta. The aorta takes blood to the body’s general circulation. Congestive heart failure is the inability of the heart to sufficiently supply the body with oxygenated rich blood adequately. The hearts primary function is to move blood throughout a network of vessels. The blood provides the cells of the body with oxygen and nutrients needed while also removing waste products of the body and releasing carbon dioxide. Organs such as the brain, liver, lungs, intestines and kidneys are also compromised. When the weakened muscles of the heart is unable to supply the kidneys with the necessary amount of blood the kidneys are compromised. The kidneys are now unable to perform their function of excreting sodium and water. This causes the body to retain fluid, which directly affects the lungs. The lungs now become congested with fluids known as pulmonary edema. The liver is similarly affected with the accumulation of fluids due to the inability to excrete wastes. This causes a huge accumulation of toxins in the body. The intestines will also be affected and will not be able to absorb the necessary nutrients for daily function. Without treatment CHF will eventually corrupt and attack every organ of the body. Common symptoms include swollen legs or ankles and difficulty breathing. Weight gain is often seen due to the accumulations of fluid within the body. (American Heart Association, 2010 ; Anderson, et al 2010). There are several factors that commonly contribute to congestive heart failure. Coronary heart disease is an accumulation of plaque resulting in a narrowing or hardening of the arteries that supplies blood to the heart muscle known as the myocardium. This is the most common type of heart disease resulting in the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States. (MedlinePlus, 2010). Another factor is hypertension (high blood pressure), which refers to high pressure found in the arteries. Approximately one in three adults in the United States (73 million people) are estimated by The American Heart Association (2010) to be diagnosed with high blood pressure. A myocardial infarction, producing a thick scar tissue and interfering with the heart muscle’s normal function is another factor which could result in a heart attack. Heart valve disease has been linked to congestive heart failure as well. This could be a result of an outbreak of rheumatic fever or some other causes. Another factor contributing to congestive heart failure would be an infection of the heart lining known as endocarditis causing damage to the heart valves or possibly a myocardium of the heart known as myocarditis. Other common causes are alcohol and drug abuse, arrhythmias, obesity, ardiomyopathy and congenital heart defects. (American Heart Association, 2010). There are several ways to prevent congestive heart failure. Diet management is a key factor in securing a future without congestive heart failure. Maintaining a proper diet is crucial. Being overweight will act as a burden to the heart causing it to work harder to pump blood throughout the body. It is necessary to reduce sodium intake to avoid retaining fluids. The next step would be to increase potassium intake. Individuals who have congestive heart failure are usually prescribed diuretics to help excrete fluids causing a loss of potassium. Potassium can be found in green leafy vegetables and most fruits, particularly bananas, oranges, and dried fruit. Other factors for congestive heart failure prevention would involve exercise, no smoking and limited alcohol consumption. (Health-cares, 2010). There are many factors used for treatment for congestive heart failure. Various drugs are incorporated into treatment for congestive heart failure. The uses of drugs are intended for reducing fluids within the body or to reduce blood pressure in the arteries of the body. Typical drugs used for treatment are Ace inhibitors, beta-blockers, digitalis, diuretics and vasodilators. Beta-blockers are intended to improve function for the left lower ventricular pumps. Diuretics are intended to assist in eliminating products that primarily contribute to congestion such as salt and water. Digitalis serves a very important role in strengthening the heart so it can serve as a more efficient, reliable, and effective pump. Treatment may involve surgery if the failure is a result of a poor functioning heart valve. Surgery could involve repair or replacement of a heart valve or in drastic cases, replacement of the heart itself. General treatment will also consist of exercise, weight loss, rest and specific attention to maintaining a suitable diet plan. (American Heart Association, 2010). The Practice Framework of a person that has congestive heart failure is greatly affected. Individuals must reduce the amount of exertion on their bodies to prevent over stimulating the heart. The limitations caused by the failure make performing even routine tasks more difficult. Some of the activities of daily living (ADL’s) that this individual might have issues with might be, getting dressed and undressed, toileting, personal hygiene, bathing and eating. Some Instrumental ctivities of daily living (IADL’s) that might be affected could include preparing meals, taking medications, shopping (food or clothes), using the phone, house work, managing money and bills. As an Occupational Therapist (OT), One can educate patient/individual on the importance of reduced fluids and stress will make for a better heart and a healthier individual. The individual needs to learn that sucking or chewing on an ice cube is better than drinking a glass of water. Due to the increasing amount of fluids the medications are trying to get out of the body, drinking would be just adding more to the body and also adding more tress on the body. The roles/routines/habits will have to change because of the congestive heart failure and how the individual now has to take it slower and easier to get the job done. OT addresses any shortness of breath (SOB) and fatigue that might accrue during any of their daily living activities, routines, habits ect. Individuals learn to use adaptive equipment to help decrease the energy used to get the job done. Examples would consist of using a shower instead of a tub (if applicable), have grab bars inside and outside the shower, have a bath bench/chair with a hand-held shower head and a long handled sponge for easier athing. Less bending over for easier dressing/undressing by using open front garments with buttons/snaps, using a button hook if need be; use a dressing stick to put on lower extremities (LE) garments. Use a lighter comforter for less weight; use a step stool to reach things to reduce straining. Keep the house cooler and if the patient/individual is SOB outside have a portable pocket hand held fan/fan with mister. To reduce strain and stress have a garbage can with wheels would be very useful. One more example might be to have a recliner to keep legs up as well as change positions frequently for circulation. OT’s also each how to break down the tasks into small components to make the task at hand more manageable. For instance laundry is a big task for anyone, so instead of doing all the laundry in one day, do smaller loads spread out or one load a day. Pull the laundry out of the drier and hang it up as soon as laundry is done to save the wrinkles and then having to iron in addition too. Use lighter pots and pans to cook with. Having the appliances at arm’s length, waist level, within easy to reach to help with saving body energy. OT’s do whatever it takes to get the individual back to independently living a healthier life to the best of their ability. Congestive heart failure is a condition that needs to be specifically addressed and treated. The condition can be managed by complying with lifestyle changes, following a treatment plan, and taking prescribed medications. Without following a treatment plan the disease will consume the organs of the body causing irreversible damage. It is important to be aware of limitations concerning the disease to avoid over exertion which can be fatal. â€Å"Early intervention in the treatment of Congestive heart failure is crucial in providing the best outcome. † (Ciccone, 2007).

Nanophase Technologies

Observation I Strategic Implication I Cumulative losses since inception I Menopause will need additional financing to complete another year of operations. Its apparent that the company has experienced cumulative losses to the value of $34,754,188. As of Deck 2011, has $7. 4 million available in cash and investments. I Too many current development projects I Menopause does not have enough products or customers to generate revenue stream to support projects.This also resulted in lack of business focus. I Menopause employs too many team members I When a company is operating at a ass of $34 million, its not viable to be operating with 51 full time workers (1/3 having Masters degree implying higher annual salary) accruing excessive labor costs without a ROI. I Primary revenue stream coming from one customer I In 2001, Menopause obtained 75% of its revenue from one customer.Particularly through economic hardship, reliance upon one customer is a risk, potentially leading to immediate closur e if the customer were to go under. I Competitor profiling I Insufficient awareness of competitive market – affecting Monoplane's ability to moment effectively and forecast future challenges/opportunities I High revenue ; R;D costs I Cost of manufacturing and R;D costs are way too high considering product revenue generated.Investing further in assets that isn't selling, and having to pay storage fees, over and above cost of goods is not financially viable – resulting in company operating at a loss I Core Problem I How can Menopause Technology expect to generate a profit when they do not have enough money coming in to sustain day-to-day operations? I Recommended (SMART) Objectives I Recommended Strategies I 1 . Develop and present each of Monoplane's customer with 2 new promotional programs for next financial year.I Develop promotional programs for current customer base, incentives them to pre-purchase upfront. | 2. Increase sales by 50% in 2002 | Focus on sales team de velopment and implementation of strategic sales strategy. I Evaluation ; Justification of Strategies I 1 . Menopause has operated at a loss since inception and will not be able to continue operations without sourcing additional funds. As such, it is reliant upon instant cash flow drilled into the business to sustain current business operations, which can be acquired through uptake of promotional programs with current customers.Whilst this is not a long-term solution, it will provide a short-term solution to financially prop up the business. 2. Menopause hasn't achieved any significant growth in sales between 2000 and the first half of 2002. They need to focus sales strategy on closing deals, growing customer base and better servicing current customers. Need to beef up current sales team through sales training and development, incentives (and sales targets) and managerial support and mentoring to enable them to perform at a higher level and achieve sales targets. I

The Chemistry of Theobromine

The Chemistry of Theobromine Theobromine belongs to a class of alkaloid molecules known as methylxanthines, which naturally occur in as many as 60 different plant species and include caffeine (the primary methylxanthine in coffee) and theophylline (the primary methylxanthine in tea). Theobromine is the primary methylxanthine found in products of the cocoa tree, theobroma cacao. Effects of Theobromine on Humans Theobromine affects humans similarly to caffeine, but on a much smaller scale. Theobromine is mildly diuretic (it increases urine production), is a mild stimulant, and relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs. In the human body, theobromine levels are halved between 6-10 hours after consumption. Theobromine has been used as a drug for its diuretic effect, particularly in cases where cardiac failure has resulted in an accumulation of body fluid. It has been administered with digitalis in order to relieve dilatation. Because of its ability to dilate blood vessels, theobromine also has been used to treat high blood pressure. Dangers of Theobromine Cocoa and chocolate products may be toxic or lethal to dogs and other domestic animals such as horses because these animals metabolize theobromine more slowly than humans. The heart, central nervous system, and kidneys are affected. Early signs of theobromine poisoning in dogs include nausea and vomiting, restlessness, diarrhea, muscle tremors, and increased urination or incontinence. The treatment at this stage is to induce vomiting. Cardiac arrhythmias and seizures are symptoms of more advanced poisoning. Different types of chocolate contain different amounts of theobromine. In general, theobromine levels are higher in dark chocolates (approximately 10 g/kg) than in milk chocolates (1-5 g/kg). Higher quality chocolate tends to contain more theobromine than lower quality chocolate. Cocoa beans naturally contain approximately 300-1200 mg/ounce theobromine (note how variable this is!).

Marketing plan for Aleve

Marketing plan for Aleve Using Aleve now that Vioxx and Bextra have been taken off the market Company overview Aleve is a drug that is produced by Bayer HealthCare LLC. This company operates all over the world. It has its headquarters in Leverkusen Germany. The company operates in over a hundred countries in the world and employs over a hundred and ten thousand individuals throughout its channels of operation (Mackenzie, 2011b, para.2). The company deals in a variety of products that are further grouped into different divisions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marketing plan for Aleve specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These include Animal health, Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Care and Medical care (Mackenzie, 2011a, para.1). The headquarters of these divisions are located differently. The division of Pharmaceuticals and Animal health are based in Germany whereas those of consumer car and medical care are found in the US, (Bayer Healthcar e, 2011b, para.1). Aleve is a product in the consumer care category. The company makes use of the local companies in the different parts of world where it has its establishment to help in product distribution. These local companies liaise with the local authorities and other regulators to ensure that the company operates within the legal procedures for business. Executive summary of a marketing plan Bayer HealthCare LLC is a company that deals in a variety of health products for human and animals as well (Mackenzie, 2011b, para.1). The company was established in 1863 by Friedrich Bayer and Johann Friedrich Weskott as a dyestuff factory. The company has seen various developments to be the current dealer in health products. The company’s clients are human patients as well as animal keepers. It currently deals in a range of products that are doing well in the market. The company had massive sales in the last financial year. The best sold product last year was Betaferon ®/ Beta seron ® with sales of about â‚ ¬1206 million (Bayer healthcare, 2011a). Aleve was one of the twenty best selling products of the company last year with total sales of â‚ ¬273 million (Bayer healthcare, 2011a). The company has been out to provide quality health care products for human and animal health. It has been the concern of the management to provide products that conform to health requirements as provided by legislation on health matters. This is aimed at positioning their products well above the others in the markets. To improve on the overall sales, the company has made improvements on certain products in the consumer care division. The new products will be available in qualities and quantities that are considered improvements on the previous product.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company shall adopt a marketing strategy that will be u sed to expos the new product in the market and increase sales. The plan will go for one year after which it may be adopted depending on the performance. Description of the target market Aleve is in a pharmacological class of drugs called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Aleve is used to relieve pain and inflammation of the body tissues. Aleve can be used for minor aches, pains, or fever. It is appropriate for the managing pain in arthritis, tendonitis, menstrual camps, gouts, and many others (Drugs.com, 2011, para.2). Thus, the targeted customers for the products are the individuals with such problems. The dosage for this product also differs depending on the nature of the health problem to be managed. Aleve drug has side effects and it is not recommended for use by some groups of individuals. These include young children, pregnant mothers, and nursing mothers. These groups are not included in the target market. The drug is also not recommended for use by individuals with history of heart problems, stroke, high blood pressure, liver or kidney disease, asthma, or bleeding disorder. These individuals may use the drugs under the directions of a physician (Drugs.com, 2011, para.7). Due to the probable side effects even on the recommended users, there is a need to take the dosage as directed by the physician. The medication should not be taken in large quantities and neither should it be used for a long period. In the event that the drug has to be used for a long time, there is need to consult with the doctor who will check if there are side effects following the prolonged use of the drug. Description of the competitors Competition in consumer care products is intensified by factors like the prices of the drugs, their availability to the customers, their suitability and effectiveness in pain relief, and their side effects on the users. Some of the key competitors include Pfizer, Johnson Johnson, and BASF SE among others (Mackenzie, 2011b, para.3). T he companies would always want to medical drugs that have little or no side effects on the users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marketing plan for Aleve specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The contraindications will also limit the individuals who would use the drugs thereby narrowing the market. The dosages of the different drugs also differ among individuals. This necessitates packaging in different sizes to accommodate all the users. The company that issues products in varying sizes will have a better market than the others with fixed package sizes will. Several health products were available that can be used for the relief of pain just like Aleve. Vioxx, Celebrex and Bextra fall in a category of drugs called Cox-2 inhibitors. These fall in a broader category termed as Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that also include Aleve (Drugs.com, 2011, para.1). Fortunately, some of these products have been eliminated in the market following the adverse side effects that they had on the users. Some of the drugs that have been eliminated in the market had fixed packages that were to be used by every individual regardless of the level of the pain and other factors like body weight that determine dosage. Drugs like Bextra were associated with serious side effects like severe skin reactions that would result into deaths (Cohen, 2004, para.4) the drug is also contraindicated on the individuals who are allergic to sulfa drugs. The drugs have been found to be no better than the old NSAIDs. Drugs like Bextra came in one size that was to be used for everyone. This is different from the older NSAIDs that came in different sizes. It is important to recognize the fact that contraindications of drugs have a high association with the dosage. The contraindication can be reduced by using the lowest dosage that is allowed (Cohen, 2004, para.7). This is achievable if there are smaller packs of the drugs. With the differential packaging, individuals are able to get the lowest dosage for the relief of their pain and inflammation. Description of product or services The company has understood the changing trend in the market for the consumer care product. It has noted some of the weaknesses that saw some competing products being withdrawn from the market. Drugs like Celebrex had effects similar to Vioxx and Bextra creating a possibility of withdrawal as well. The company has improved on its manufacturing processes to reduce the contraindications of the drugs.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company produces various brands of Aleve (Naproxen) namely Aleve, Anaprox, EC-Naprosyn, Naprelan, and Naprosyn (Drugs.com, 2011). However, the company has opted to center more on the production of two main brands Anaprox and Naprosyn. The drugs will only be available as tablets. Due to the differential needs of the users, the two brands shall be provided in varying sizes. The sizes will be 200mg, 300mg, or 400mg. The smallest size is a reduction of the initial tablets that were 220g. The physiological effects of the drugs have been fully established and the drugs could be obtained over the counter. Cases of minor aches and pain can be managed by the drug without a prescription from the doctor as long as the user follows the directives that accompany each package. However, there are certain individuals who have to consult a physician even for the management of a minor ache by these drugs. These include individuals who have history of a heart problem, hypertension, asthma, stroke, respiratory problems, or other related disorders. The drug need not be used by patients who have undergone some surgical operation related to the heart and neither should the drugs be used before such operations. All conditions under which the drugs cannot be used are provided as user directives attached to the packs of the drugs. Marketing budget The current products to be promoted in the market are improvements on the previous products that the company has been dealing in. To get the clients to understand the improvements on the products require an extensive advertisement and product promotions. Much appeal on the adverts will emphasize on the improved contraindication of the drugs on patients and their availability in smaller packages that could be used for any level of dosage. The nature of this appeal requires more of a visual impression. In this regard, the company has scheduled to use four main modes of advertisement. The first priority will be given to advertisement on tele vision. This will be followed by advertisement on press (newspapers and magazines). The other batch of the advertisement funds shall be channeled to internet advertisement. Lastly, the company will have a direct communication with the potential clients to notify them of the latest development of the products. The advertisement through the different media will be carried extensively in the first month following the launch of the new products. During the first month, the company will also provide offers for purchases of large amounts of the drugs. Products like Aleve T-Shirts, drinking water, washing soaps and body lotion will be provided for purchases worth â‚ ¬20 or more. The company will also sponsor an athletics competition drawing key participants from all over the world. The event that is scheduled to take four days will be held in the first week of the marketing period at the headquarters in Leverkusen, Germany. The company has set aside â‚ ¬40 million for the purpose of advertisements, sales promotion, and the athletics championships. The amounts shall be distributed among the different tasks as follows: Amounts in millions Advertisement on television†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â‚ ¬12.5 Advertisements on newspapers and magazines†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â‚ ¬8.0 Advertisement through Internet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..â‚ ¬5.0 Direct mails†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â‚ ¬5.0 Product offers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â‚ ¬2.0 Athletics championships †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â‚ ¬10.0 Other expenses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â‚ ¬2.5 An allowance of â‚ ¬2.5 million is put aside for the other expenses that might emerge in the marketing period. It could be used for filling the gaps caused by a deviation in the estimated expenses. Other adjustments might also be made depending on the circumstances that will be identified in the due course. Description of location The company (commonly termed as Bayer Group) has locations in the five different continents in the world. It has major offices at its headquarters in Germany and in the United States. There are retail stores in over 100 countries in the world with some 315 operating companies (Mackenzie, 2011b, para.1). The products are readily available in these retail stores. There are arrangements with the local companies to distribute the products to clients in different parts of a given country. The clients that require large amounts of drugs like health institutions can be served easily through this mode. The company has also established an online retail shop. Through this mode, a client can order for products from any part of the regions online. By quoting the order quantity and the physical address, the management of the company will arrange for shipment of these products from the regional retail stores to the clients. All the transactions of this purchase will be carried out online. The clients may be required to take part in the distribution depending on their physical location from the company’s nearest retail store. Pricing strategy The company will offer products at relatively competitive prices. The products will be available in packets containing 100 tablets of each of the sizes (200mg, 300mg, and 400mg). A 200gm packet will go for â‚ ¬6.0; a packet of 300gm will be available at â‚ ¬8.5 whereas a packet containing 400gm tablets will go for â‚ ¬10. A 5% discount will be provided for cash sales throughout the first month of the new pro duct in the market. Another 5% discount will be provided for large purchases throughout the product’s period in the market. Summary and implementation There are competitors all over the world that deals in the same drugs. For instance, there are companies producing painkillers in countries like India. These provide challenges to the operations of the company in those regions. With the identification of the trend in the health products and making the necessary adjustments, the new products are bound to perform well in the market. The varying sizes of the tablets are and the subsequent differential prices will provide a strong advantage to the products over the competitors. The promotional strategy is developed depending on the popularity of the media and the kind of information that is to be delivered. The strategy is likely to expose the improved products to the targets. The sports event drawing individuals across the globe will attract a global audience thereby adding on the popularity of the products. With the proper management at, these advertisement and promotion, strategies will be implemented and the marketing objectives achieved. The new products will be launched at the beginning of the last quarter of this year (October 1, 2011) and the plan will be used for a period of one year. A sales analysis will be performed in the first two months after the launch. Sales report will be obtained from twenty retails stores form each of the continents. The retail stores will be selected to ensure that the different regions are presented to provide information that is more reliable. The progress of the plan towards achieving the marketing objectives will be revealed by this sales analysis. A significant deviation from the set targets will require an intervention by the sales team. References Bayer HealthCare. (2011a). Bayer HealthCare Products. Web. Bayer HealthCare. (2011b). Bayer HealthCare Worldwide. Web. Cohen, J. (2004). What Now for Users of Vioxx, Cele brex, and Bextra? MedicationSense.com. Web. Drug.com. (2011). Aleve Consumer Information. Web. Mackenzie, K. (2011a). Bayer HealthCare AG. Hoover’s Company Records, p. 116564. Austin. Retrieved from Proquest. Mackenzie, K. (2011b). Bayer AG. Hoover’s Company Records. Austin. p. 41808 Retrieved from Proquest.

The Largest Countries by Population in 2100

The Largest Countries by Population in 2100 In 2017, the United Nations Population Division released its World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, a set of population projections out to the year 2100 for the planet Earth and for individual countries. The United Nations expects the global population- 7.6 billion as of 2017- to reach 11.2 billion by the year 2100. The report placed current population growth at 83 million people per year. Key Takeaways: The Most Populous Countries in 2100 The U.N. expects the current global population of 7.6 billion to reach 11.2 billion in 2100. Most population growth is expected to take place in a small group of countries, including India, Nigeria, the United States, and Tanzania. In many other parts of the globe, fertility rates are declining, and populations are expected to see little or negative growth. Migration- driven by the effects of climate change and other challenges- is expected to play a larger role in demographic changes over the next century. The United Nations looked at population growth both globally and at the country level. Of the 10 largest countries, Nigeria is growing the fastest and is expected to have a population of nearly 800 million by 2100, making it even larger than the United States. By 2100, the U.N. predicts that only India and China will be larger than Nigeria. The Most Populous Countries in 2100 Current population growth varies wildly from country to country, and the list of the most populous nations in the world is expected to look much different by the turn of the next century. Ranking Country 2100 Population Current Population (2018) 1 India 1,516,597,380 1,354,051,854 2 China 1,020,665,216 1,415,045,928 3 Nigeria 793,942,316 195,875,237 4 United States 447,483,156 326,766,748 5 Democratic Republic of the Congo 378,975,244 84,004,989 6 Pakistan 351,942,931 200,813,818 7 Indonesia 306,025,532 266,794,980 8 Tanzania 303,831,815 59,091,392 9 Ethiopia 249,529,919 107,534,882 10 Uganda 213,758,214 44,270,563 These U.N. projections are based on national censuses and survey data from around the world. They were compiled by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. The full data is available for download in a customized Excel spreadsheet. Compared to current population estimates and 2050 population projections, note the high number of African countries on this list (five out of the top 10).  While  population growth rates are expected to decline in most countries in the world, African countries by 2100 may not experience much reduction in population growth at all. Even some countries whose growth rates are expected to decline will still become much larger, as their growth rates are already relatively high. Most notably, Nigeria is expected to become the third most populous country in the world, a spot long held by the United States of America. Of the five most populous nations in 2100, five are expected to be African countries. About half of the worlds population growth over the next 30 years is expected to take place in only nine countries: India, Nigeria, the Congo, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, the United States, Uganda, and Indonesia. Reasons for Population Growth In developed nations around the world- including England, France, and Japan- fertility rates are declining, reducing overall population growth. However, some of the decline in growth is being mitigated by longer life expectancies, which have risen to 69 years for men and 73 years for women. The global increase in life expectancies is due to multiple factors, including a reduction in child mortality rates and improved treatment for HIV/AIDS and other diseases. In most developed nations, populations are expected to see minimal or negative growth over the next century. Diminished fertility rates will result in aging populations, with people over the age of 60 making up about 35 percent of Europes population (they currently make up only 25 percent). Meanwhile, the number of people over the age of 80 is expected to increase as well. By 2100, the U.N. predicts there will be about 900 million people in this age cohort around the globe, nearly seven times as many as there are now. Another reason for shifting populations, the U.N. notes, is migration, and the Syrian refugee crisis, in particular, is expected to substantially increase the populations of Syrias neighbors, including Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. Migration is also expected to take place in other parts of the globe, much of it driven by the effects of climate change. As rising temperatures disrupt ecosystems and increase food insecurity, more and more populations will be displaced, causing demographic changes in affected areas. A 2018 report by the World Bank found that worsening climate change could cause more than 140 million people to become climate migrants by 2050.

Input and output Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Input and output - Essay Example The keyboard is one such input device that inputs characters and instructions directly into the computer, where characters refer to text. On the other hand, instruction comes in the form of text and function keys that are specially programmed to deliver instruction. Other than the keyboard, there is a need to have pointing devices, based on the user interface that a computer uses, where graphical user interfaces require pointing devices. These include mice, touchpads, trackballs, trackpads and even touch screens, which position the cursor at different positions on the screen of the computer. Apart from the common input devices, there are other specialized devices used in input based on their application and the need to have them, which include scanners, magnetic ink character recognition, barcodes, voice input and graphic tablets. These are specialized, as they are not necessarily in every computer operation, for example, a bar code scanner is only used in points of sale to input the identity of an item on sale for the processing of its cost. After the data is input into the computer, it travels through the expansion bus and into the processor for computation creating a need to view the product (Patkay). In this case, output devices come into play and include visual, audio and graphical output. Visual output appears in the form of on-screen output where all information is displayed on a screen that could be and led, LCD or even a CRT monitor. The screen creates the first interaction with processed data or even data that has been input into the computer providing visual expression of data for users. Another form in which data can be output is through hard copies of data, where information is printed on paper and presented to a computer user. These produce both written numbers and letters while other create impressions of graphics, but are all based on

Question for IM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question for IM - Assignment Example Developing and nurturing market in foreign countries takes time. In international marketing, the idea that drives most businesses is based on the premise that it is better to be successful in or two markets rather than spread a company’s resources of human and financial and fail in ten markets. It is difficult for international marketer to identify markets that are successful because of the fact that in every market that an international marketer ventures, there is competition. In addition, it is often difficult for international marketer to choose appropriate market entry since the timing of when to enter the market may be miscalculated. For instance, a company may enter in a foreign market as a first mover; for the first time in that country with goods or services of your company that has merits and demerits. Being a first mover in the market does not guarantee the company success in foreign markets. Furthermore, it is always hard and hectic to start educating the market about your product and developing a strong promotion strategy that suits with the local culture and ensuring that the new product is well established and adapted to local market needs. Additionally, the issue of go home or go big does not have a place in international marketing. Therefore, the scale at which an international marketer decides to enter the market, the scale at which you enter a market and develop a market strategy is about the extent to which the company is willing to comm it in that particular market. Therefore, international marketer finds it hard to determine the scale of entry in that foreign market depending on the company’s ability to commit certain resources in order to develop a suitable market entry

Final Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final - Statistics Project Example The probability that the 100 randomly selected apples have a mean weight less than 12.5 ounces is about zero. In other words, it is highly unlikely that the 100 randomly selected apples have a mean weight less than 12.5 ounces. 18. A pharmaceutical company has developed a screening test for a rare disease that afflicted 2% of the population. Unfortunately, the reliability of this test is only 80%, which means that 20% of the tested will get a false positive. If a subject is tested positive based on this test, what is the probability that he has the disease? Benfords law, also called the first-digit law, states that in lists of numbers from many (but not all) real-life sources of data, the leading digit is distributed in a specific, non-uniform way shown in the following table. The owner of a small business would like to audit its account payable over the past year because of a suspicion of fraudulent activities. He suspects that one of his managers is issuing checks to non-existing vendors in order to pocket the money. There have been 790 checks written out to vendors by this manager. The leading digits of these checks are listed as follow: 19. Suppose you are hired as a forensic accountant by the owner of this small business, what statistical test would you employ to determine if there is fraud committed in the issuing of checks? What is the test statistic in this case? Two different simple random samples are drawn from two different populations.   The first sample consists of 20 people with 10 having a common attribute.   The second sample consists of 2000 people with 1404 of them having the same common attribute. I do not come up with the same conclusion for Question 21. This is because in case of Question 21, we estimate the common population proportion using pooled proportion and in case of this question, we estimate the population proportions using sample proportions. Thus,

News Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

News Analysis - Essay Example For the purpose of understanding discourse and its types, a rigorous narrative analysis of news stories retrieved from the newspaper The Globe and Mail and CBC Network’s broadcast are used. The news story itself is related to Pope Benedict’s resignation that was announced on 11th February, 2013. Critical analysis of the story helped in understanding how the dominant discourses construct a story for the audience with structure of roles and point of views being the important factors, and helps them derive meaning out of it,. In the given story, moral, religious and legal discourses are apparent in the language used in the news paper article published in The Globe and Mail. The headline stated, â€Å"Pope Benedict’s sudden resignation reveals an independent mind† followed by a great deal of explanation about his modesty and him being knowledgeable of limits imposed on him by the moral obligations toward Church. The figure speech illustrates how the newspaper has declared Pope to have complete command over his decisions and who cannot be suppressed by external social variables. This is where the speech recognizes his legal right of being independent. Legal discourse is also apparent in the news article due to phrases like reasonably solid reforms, good CEO, holding individuals accountable. Furthermore, it can be observed that where sudden resignation is attempting to add anxiety in the minds of readers, it is equally attempting to portray Pope as a dominant and sovereign figure. Following discussion about his modesty illustrates how moral discourse is being used for the purpose of defining him to be a man of high morality. Where sexual abuse of children by priests has made headlines of news worldwide, stirring major controversy about Church and Pope Benedict himself, this article is developing a persona of a just man who has undertaken his responsibility of avoiding future abuse. On the other hand, exploratory analysis of discourse used in CBC news broadcast regarding Pope’s resignation showed medical, legal and moral discourses. It was observed that a huge part of speech was attempting to define the repercussions of diminishing health conditions on Pope’s ability to pursue as the leader of the Church. His condition has been described as being feeble, weak and tired with frequent absences from the office of Pope. Special emphasis on Pope’s brother’s statement illustrate how the news reader is trying to provide medical justification to Pope’s actions by stressing on specific words that had medical value attached to them. Another major theme emerging is legal discourse when the news reader attempts to describe Pope’s action as an obligation towards church i.e. if he cannot perform well, he should leave, providing legal justification to the resignation. The words used to elaborate the surprised responses of Vatican Cardinal and Christians all around the world however demean th e moral statue of his action. Phrases like â€Å"the Pope took them by surprise† or â€Å"gravity of this gesture† illustrates how the news reader is questioning the morality behind his actions. Discussion about Pope Benedict not being part of new selection process defines that there is a moral and legal discourse visible illustrating that Pope will not add bias to the selection process or conclave. Second part of news coverage uses legal

Why Money Chases Cheap Labor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Money Chases Cheap Labor - Assignment Example According to Di Stefano, â€Å"capital, the resource that fuels our industries, has to seek the lowest labor costs in order for companies to survive† (â€Å"Why Money Chases Cheap Labor,† Lower Costs sect.). The second part of the article takes the reader to the loci of cheap labor. While America’s own cheap labor was situated in the southern states, Asian countries, such as Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, China, and India, were picking up slowly in the cheap labor market (Di Stefano, â€Å"Why Money Chases Cheap Labor â€Å"). The third and last section of the article stimulates the future of American firms and employment with its section titled as â€Å"Where Are We Headed?† The writer then answers his own question by pointing out that while â€Å"America obviously cannot compete effectively with the labor costs of developing nations,† competition then lies to America’s technology and science sectors (Di Stefano, â€Å"Why Money Chases Cheap Labor†). International Business Issues Outsourcing is considered an international business issue. In fact, its impacts are subject to steamy debates and multi-perspective arguments, which inevitably make it a sensitive issue for the host and headquartered country. Outsourcing sensitivity lies on the border of the gain on the host country and the consequent loss in the headquartered country.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 75

Summary - Essay Example They tend not to exaggerate any of their stories in an effort to look better and never put any effort into attempts to imitate others. Genuine leadership is not an imitation of what other leaders have done or are trying to do; it is the end product of our being freely and fully ourselves. Life is short, and we should try and spend time doing the things that we love though it might not always be easy and trouble free to do this. Before there can ever be a me and you, there must be a me. When one learns how to tell their own story, they are able to perceive the stories of other individuals in such a manner that they are able to cause for there be to an us in the place of a me. When make advances towards stepping into who you innately truly are, people start perceiving you as being real and build levels of both confidence and trust in you that no amount of PR or spin could ever possibly manufacture. People mostly tend to respond to a person if they are authentically and down rightly themselves. The development of the relationship with ourselves takes time. An integral part of living authentically is, learning how to trust or internal compasses and has absolute clarity on who we genuinely are. We should try and return to our life’s main passion and focus on being who we genuinely are. Our attempts to find our place in the world are not a onetime affair; they are an ongoing process that carries on throughout our lives. It is imperative at times for us to learn how to grant ourselves the permission to change our direction. We all have the capacity and power to change the roles we play in both our professional and personal lives. This should be encouraged to happen even if it seems to be challenging and upsets the status

Why Money Chases Cheap Labor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Money Chases Cheap Labor - Assignment Example According to Di Stefano, â€Å"capital, the resource that fuels our industries, has to seek the lowest labor costs in order for companies to survive† (â€Å"Why Money Chases Cheap Labor,† Lower Costs sect.). The second part of the article takes the reader to the loci of cheap labor. While America’s own cheap labor was situated in the southern states, Asian countries, such as Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, China, and India, were picking up slowly in the cheap labor market (Di Stefano, â€Å"Why Money Chases Cheap Labor â€Å"). The third and last section of the article stimulates the future of American firms and employment with its section titled as â€Å"Where Are We Headed?† The writer then answers his own question by pointing out that while â€Å"America obviously cannot compete effectively with the labor costs of developing nations,† competition then lies to America’s technology and science sectors (Di Stefano, â€Å"Why Money Chases Cheap Labor†). International Business Issues Outsourcing is considered an international business issue. In fact, its impacts are subject to steamy debates and multi-perspective arguments, which inevitably make it a sensitive issue for the host and headquartered country. Outsourcing sensitivity lies on the border of the gain on the host country and the consequent loss in the headquartered country.

Health Grades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Health Grades - Essay Example In most cases, the costs are connected to the increase in patient care because of taking drugs for a long time, for instance, higher generation antibiotics. It results in drug resistance that calls for further therapies that increase the cost through diagnostic interventions and investigations (Singh, 2012). I agree with Lisa Jaycox about the significance of health grades report outcomes to a nurse practitioner. The report explains that it is critical for a health professional to apply the current evidence-based data to perform procedures. The use of up to date procedures minimizes the rates for mortality and complication. In addition, a health professional should refer patients to surgeons when necessary, for minimally invasive surgery option (Nickitas, Middaugh & Aries, 2009). In addition, the report shows that effective and timely care reduces cost and mortality rates in six illnesses. The efficient care comprises of children asthma, heart attack, pneumonia, surgical, heart failure and emergency care. Moreover, the report gives the cause of deaths, readmissions and complication within one month which includes hospital-acquired illnesses and conditions. From this perspective, a nurse practitioner can participate in system care enhancements and implement the concept of ‘form foll ows function’ (King & Gerard,

Analysing on Liberty by John Stuart Mill Essay Example for Free

Analysing on Liberty by John Stuart Mill Essay Humanity’s attempts to study the state of society have stretched back throughout the ages. From forefathers such as Socrates or Aristophanes to the great enlightenment philosophers of Locke or Voltaire, all have grappled with the questions of how humanity best functions as a collective. John Stuart Mill, hailed as a paradigmatic liberal political philosopher, continues this tradition of thought in his work On Liberty published in 1859. Mill’s major argument made is that the individual is sovereign in their actions insofar as they do not impeach upon the rights of others. His justifications centre strongly on the principles of utilitarianism, providing a model he believes to offer the greatest happiness to the greatest number. Through specific analysis it can be seen that he optimizes societal benefit by placing import on individuality but conversely justifying exactly when governance and restraint need to be exercised. Overall, his conclusions are an attempt to unify two competing social factors, individual liberty against circumstances in which power can be exerted over another, articulated in what has become known as the ‘harm principle’. The first and most fundamental principle Mill holds is outlined in the introductory chapter and describes the necessity for man to be free over â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind† (Mill, 1859: 31). Individual liberty is not only considered personally fulfilling, but also beneficial to the progress of civilisation for â€Å"Mankind are greater gainers by suffering each other to live as seems good to themselves, than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest† (Mill, 1859: 33). It is important to note that Mill does not endorse freedom of expression for its own sake but for the greater purpose of stimulating discourse â€Å"His argument for liberty of expression is in fact an argument for liberty of discussion† (Larvor, 2006: 3) To support his claims, he highlights three primary freedoms in order of importance. Firstly, the freedom of thought itself should be unrestricted; second we should have the freedom to pursue ‘tastes †¦ to suit our own character’ (Mill, 1859: 33) regardless of whether social convention deems  otherwise; lastly, the freedom for citizens to unite, providing such action will not harm others. This idea of the ‘harm principle’ is prominent in On Liberty for each of these freedoms are subject to the overarching rule that liberty is complete so long as it does not â€Å"without justifiable cause, do harm to others† (Mill 1859: 72). He also notes that it is obvious that freedom of thought and of the mind does not directly correlate to freedom of action, for â€Å"No one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions† (Mill 1859: 72). He bases this on the logic that if ones free actions impinge upon another’s happiness, then the affected party’s own freedom is violated, outweighing the benefits of the first individual’s liberty. His conclusion is therefore â€Å"that in things which do not primarily concern others, individuality should assert itself† (1859: 73). This reasoning is fundamentally based in utilitarianism, which Mill is a eminent proponent of, as the key deciding factor needs to be maximum pleasure for minimum harm. The harm principle is the primary restraining factor on an individual’s calculus of liberty however Mill is not so blindingly liberal that he does not acknowledge the importance of government in maintaining social stability. In fact, Mill’s definition of liberty itself is intimately linked with authoritative intervention for he takes liberty to be the absence of human interference with the individuals actions (Crocker, 1980: 1). Again, utility becom es the object of question in deciding how pervasive governing bodies ought be. Mill contends, â€Å"the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection†¦ His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant†. It is here where Mill refers to the idea of ‘tyranny of the majority’, that pressure from the masses can be as pervasive as an oppressive state for there is more intangible a difficulty in arguing against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling. (Mill, 1859: 7) Yet here it is apparent that Mill defends the use of public pressure to control offensive opinion. Where then is the line drawn regarding what is unique, individual and valuable thought, and what is deemed inappropriate? While Mill’s consistent self-criticism often enriches his argument, there are contradictory moments wherein his â€Å"expressions are not only ambiguous, but contradictory† (Parker, 1865: 5). The idea of utility is once again at play, however Mill’s contradictions destabilise his  main point being that the use of outside force can be used defensively against another’s individuality if it would cause another’s liberty harm. As well as discussing and arguing Mill offers a number of disclaimers in his argument including the inapplicability of children or those who require the care of others and also â€Å"backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage† (Mill, 1859: 14). He also notes that a person â€Å"A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction† such as failing to help save a person when they are directly able to but choose against it. This idea has been argued against extensively in modern debate, particularly on a legal level. Many states, Australia amongst them, require no duty or obligation to act in such a way, the rationale [being] the protection of the autonomy (Edelman, 2011: 2). Liberty is irrevocably violated if one has no choice in a matter, even if that matter may be for social good. In an attempt to promote utilitarianism and provide an argument that supports social wellbeing, Mill has contradicted his own seemingly inviolate idea of individual sovereignty. Another hole in his discourse is that There seems then no obstacle in principle within utilitarian morality to a policy which indeed prevents harm but at the expense of the most basic interests of a minority (Gray, 2003: 7). Once more the tyranny of the majority is at question and Mill’s regard for individuality is destabilized by the conflicting interest of utilitarianism. It is apparent that Mill’s account is not watertight and this is acknowledged with the criticism On Liberty has received. In essence Mill concerns himself with the struggle between authority and liberty, (Mill, 1859: 3) as the essential factors to be balanced in order to maintain stable society. On an individual level, liberty is restrained by the harm principle and on a social plane; governance and public pressure control it. Beyond these factors, individuality is considered a sacred thing, which should be embraced for the good of progress. His entire theory is grounded solidly in utilitarian ideals, whereby social progression and greatest satisfaction is the primary goal. While a number of contentious arise throughout Mills’ discussions, overall the arguments are logical and coherent. On Liberty will continue to be an iconic if not contentious piece in political literature, as will most social theory which has been and will come in the future. Reference List Edelman, James. 2011. ‘Change of position: A defence of unjust disenrichment’ (presented at the launch of the Restatement (Third) Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, Boston University Law School 16-17 September 2011) Gray, John and Smith, G.W., eds. 2002. ‘JS Mill’s On Liberty In Focus’. London: Routeledge Gray, John. 1983. ‘Mill: On Liberty. A Defence’ Gray, John. 1979. ‘John Stuart Mill: Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations’. Literature of Liberty 2(2): 7-37 Hayek, F.A. 2011. ‘The Constitution of Liberty’. New York: The University of Chicago Press. Larvor, Brendan. 2006. Mill on Liberty of Thought and Discussion in John Stuart Mill: On Liberty Discussions (British Humanist Association). Mill, John Stuart. (1859). On Liberty. London: Cambridge University Press.

Free Essays - The Significance of Sleep in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

The Significance of Sleep in Macbeth The sleepless are affected by fear that kills those whom are close to the victim of sleeplessness. In the book of "Macbeth" it expresses the theme of death and fear by associating the character with the key word "sleep" and all of its associations. In "Macbeth" by William Shakespeare, various words are used that can be associated to different meanings through the different characters. The book talks about a great warrior during the medieval period that overcomes his adversaries through brutal military tactics and deceit. Macbeth stole the throne of Scotland from the rightful Prince Malcolm, and threw the country into chaos through his evil reign. His own conscious eats away at him until he reveals that he had murdered people to get to his position after which he is killed in a battle for control of Scotland and his reign ends. Through the actions and behavior of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and their associations with fear, the reader learns that even the strongest of people have fears. Sleep is a word that is thought to be associated with rest, and being tired. But, when used through Macbeth it tends to take a whole new meaning. Macbeth is one of those characters that are violent by nature. He cannot live unless he is causing harm or death, but his own conscious eats away at him until he finally snaps, "Were the graced person of our Banquo present; who may I rather challenge for unkindness than pity for mischance!" (3.4.51-54, Macbeth p.99). After having Banquo murdered, Macbeth sees his ghost sitting at the dinner table. Macbeth grows impatient and worried, which reveals that he had a hand in Banquo's murder. Through Macbeth's actions, his wife Lady Macbeth begins to go crazy, "Out, damned spot! Out, I say! One; two." (5.1.34, Lady Macbeth p.155). Lady Macbeth is plagued with the guilt of those who have been murderd by here husband. She also realizes that she has set up her husband to die. In terms of sleep Macbeth refers to sleep as death. Which is so mething he does not fear until he realizes that he is not invincible, "I will not yield, to kiss the ground before young Malcom`s feet and to be baited with the rabble`s curse.

Cleopatras Initial Encounter With Caesar Essay -- Egypt History Paper

Cleopatra's Initial Encounter With Caesar Cleopatra is desperate-she needs to gain the throne of Egypt before her inadequate younger brother, Ptolemy, convinces Caesar to grant him full power. But alas, Cleopatra has been banished from Egypt by the ruthless Pothinus. Fortunately, the brilliant Cleopatra devises a plan to enter her Egyptian castle rolled up in a carpet, posing as a gift for the great Caesar. Her loyal servant, Apollodoros, carries her through a secret passageway and into the palace, where they are met by Caesar's guards. They continue into Caesar's quarters, where Apollodoros unrolls the carpet to reveal the stunning Cleopatra. Caesar is impressed not only by Cleopatra's intelligence, but also by her undeniable beauty, and pronounces Cleopatra the sole ruler of Egypt. Such is the story of the meeting of Caesar and Cleopatra as told by Plutarch and others that followed him. The extent of the story's truth remains a mystery, but it is likely that Plutarch included it in his account merely for entertainment value-it is only fitting that the alluring Cleopatra enters the castle with such a grand appearance. Because it is written in Plutarch's interpretation, many perceive the story as fact and include it in their own works. The scene, however-and the portrayal of Cleopatra within it-vary among different compositions. Regardless of the probable fictitious aspect of the scene, it is an important one, for it is in this scene that the level of Cleopatra's strength and power is revealed. INTELLIGENT YET INFERIOR Initially, it appears as though the rug scene is a display of Cleopatra's wit, for she uses her intelligence to devise a plan to enter the palace. In addition, it seems that Cleopatra has heightened ... ...lmi, Sr. With Billy Zane, Leonor Varela, and Timothy Dalton. ABC/Hallmark Entertainment, 1999. Cleopatra. Dir. Mankiewicz. With Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. 20th Century Fox, 1963. Foreman, Laura. Cleopatra's Palace: In Search of a Legend. New York: Discovery Books, 1999. George, Margaret. The Memoirs of Cleopatra. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. Gerome, Jean Leon. Cleopatra and Caesar. Private Collection. Hamer, Mary. Signs of Cleopatra. New York: Routledge, 1993. Hughes-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams, Distortions. New York: Harper & Row, 1990. Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes [c. 100 C.E.]. Trans. Sir Thomas North (1579). Ed. Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Vol. V. Columbia UP, 1964. Shaw, Bernard. Caesar and Cleopatra [1898]. New York: Penguin, 1957. Cleopatra's Initial Encounter With Caesar Essay -- Egypt History Paper Cleopatra's Initial Encounter With Caesar Cleopatra is desperate-she needs to gain the throne of Egypt before her inadequate younger brother, Ptolemy, convinces Caesar to grant him full power. But alas, Cleopatra has been banished from Egypt by the ruthless Pothinus. Fortunately, the brilliant Cleopatra devises a plan to enter her Egyptian castle rolled up in a carpet, posing as a gift for the great Caesar. Her loyal servant, Apollodoros, carries her through a secret passageway and into the palace, where they are met by Caesar's guards. They continue into Caesar's quarters, where Apollodoros unrolls the carpet to reveal the stunning Cleopatra. Caesar is impressed not only by Cleopatra's intelligence, but also by her undeniable beauty, and pronounces Cleopatra the sole ruler of Egypt. Such is the story of the meeting of Caesar and Cleopatra as told by Plutarch and others that followed him. The extent of the story's truth remains a mystery, but it is likely that Plutarch included it in his account merely for entertainment value-it is only fitting that the alluring Cleopatra enters the castle with such a grand appearance. Because it is written in Plutarch's interpretation, many perceive the story as fact and include it in their own works. The scene, however-and the portrayal of Cleopatra within it-vary among different compositions. Regardless of the probable fictitious aspect of the scene, it is an important one, for it is in this scene that the level of Cleopatra's strength and power is revealed. INTELLIGENT YET INFERIOR Initially, it appears as though the rug scene is a display of Cleopatra's wit, for she uses her intelligence to devise a plan to enter the palace. In addition, it seems that Cleopatra has heightened ... ...lmi, Sr. With Billy Zane, Leonor Varela, and Timothy Dalton. ABC/Hallmark Entertainment, 1999. Cleopatra. Dir. Mankiewicz. With Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. 20th Century Fox, 1963. Foreman, Laura. Cleopatra's Palace: In Search of a Legend. New York: Discovery Books, 1999. George, Margaret. The Memoirs of Cleopatra. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. Gerome, Jean Leon. Cleopatra and Caesar. Private Collection. Hamer, Mary. Signs of Cleopatra. New York: Routledge, 1993. Hughes-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams, Distortions. New York: Harper & Row, 1990. Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes [c. 100 C.E.]. Trans. Sir Thomas North (1579). Ed. Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Vol. V. Columbia UP, 1964. Shaw, Bernard. Caesar and Cleopatra [1898]. New York: Penguin, 1957.

Oppression and Dehumanization in George Orwell’s 1984 Essay

George Orwell uses his novel 1984 to convey that human beings, as a species, are extremely susceptible to dehumanization and oppression in society. Orwell demonstrates how a government’s manipulation of technology, language, media, and history can oppress and degrade its citizens. In 1984 the political manipulation of technology oppresses the people of Oceania and leads to the downfall of individuality and of the qualities that define humanity. Telescreens and the Internet are used not for entertainment purposes but to monitor people’s lives. In Orwell’s case, Pynchon cites media technologies such as interactive flat-screen TVs and the Internet as instruments of surveillance’† (Deery). The impact of spying via the telescreens reduces people’s opportunities to behave freely. Therefore invasion of privacy happens daily and widespread paranoia sets in. â€Å"There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment. How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork. It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time. But at any rate they could plug in your wire whenever they wanted to† (Orwell 2). The never-ending surveillance by law enforcement invades personal privacy. Without privacy, the freedoms and rights of individuals are demolished. By distorting technology the Party subjugates the people of Oceania. To maintain their totalitarian hold, the Party directly limits free speech and free thought by manipulating language itself. In a democratic society equality allows citizens to be different yet enjoy equal rights. Repression of equality destroys people’s ability to act independently from one another. â€Å"In ‘Politics and the English Language’ (1946) Orwell lists ‘equality’ as one of those ‘words used in variable meanings, in most cases more or less dishonestly. ’ (5) In 1984 he reveals even sharper anxieties about the term: Here not only has the ideal of equality as understood by the best political thinkers been totally abandoned, but the actual word itself has been reduced by ‘Newspeak’ to mean no more than ‘identical’† (Kearney). In 1984 politicians consciously manipulate concepts and ideas. This paralyzes the human ability to express feelings and emotions, which is exactly what the totalitarian government desires. â€Å"We shall crush you down to the point from which there is no coming back. Things will happen to you from which you could not recover, if you lived a thousand years. Never again will you be capable of ordinary human feeling. Everything will be dead inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty, and then we shall fill you with ourselves† (Orwell 148). By manipulating language the Party replaces individual feeling with Party propaganda. To broadcast their dehumanizing propaganda, the government in 1984 manipulates the media and exposure to it. People are unable to form their own opinions and therefore must rely on the media to do so for them. The people of Oceania are unable to think critically, for example, about public figures. But what was strange was that although Goldstein was hated and despised by everybody, although every day and a thousand times a day, on platforms, on the telescreen, in newspapers, in books, his theories were refuted, smashed, ridiculed, held up to the general gaze for the pitiful rubbish that they were, in spite of all this, his influence never seemed to grow less† (Orwell 7). Through only allowing exposure to their propaganda the Party is able to control the minds of its citizens. Citizens are only exposed to propaganda glorifying the Party. News propaganda is omitted of negative statistics and through this omission nothing is left to report but positive statistics. The people are robbed of an opportunity to criticize the Party, adding to their overall dehumanization. â€Å"The fabulous statistics continued to pour out of the telescreen. As compared with last year there was more food, more clothes, more houses, more furniture, more cooking-pots, more fuel, more ships, more helicopters, more books, more babies — more of everything except disease, crime, and insanity. Year by year and minute by minute, everybody and everything was whizzing rapidly upwards† (Orwell 33). Through omitting the negative, the people are only informed of the positive. Society is left with nothing to question, and nothing to analyze. By deceiving the people, the Party is able to maintain support, and therefore power. This manipulation of media allows oppression to go unnoticed because the citizens are unable to think critically. By manipulating history and giving no opportunity for inquiry the government dehumanizes the people even more by destroying free thought. The Party knows that memories will lead to questions, and then to critical thought. So it implements Doublethink and Newspeak as tools to negate the urge to question the legitimacy of the Party’s history. â€Å"The Party tacitly acknowledges the limitation of its control of the material and by implication the circulation of stories and memories by the implementation of both Doublethink and Newspeak. Doublethink can only be thought of as an imperfect system of thought control most at risk by the conjunction of materially anchored memory. The very need for the existence of the concept acknowledges that failure, since from the trajectories traced through the material city there emerge spatial codes that challenges both forms of discursive control as well as a reformulated history† (Phillips). The government reformulates history, takes out the inconsistencies. The people are exposed to more propaganda. Due to their lack of critical thinking ability they are unable to question its accuracy. The Party maintains its totalitarian society by lying, cheating, and deceiving its citizens. Accumulation of knowledge is one way that an individual can stand out from the rest. The Party makes it impossible for any knowledge to be accumulated, since history is always being rewritten. â€Å"If, for example, Eurasia or Eastasia (whichever it may be) is the enemy today, then that country must always have been the enemy. And if the facts say otherwise then the facts must be altered. Thus history is continuously rewritten† (Orwell 124). Through these alterations the government destroys the desire to question, and therefore the desire to criticize. By manipulating history the Party is able to eradicate free thought. The Totalitarian society in 1984 is under the absolute control of the Party. â€Å"The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon. And since the Party is in full control of all records and in equally full control of the minds of its members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it† (Orwell 124). The Party robs its citizens of another opportunity to be individuals, and to think differently than each other. The extent of its control of the people doesn’t stop there. In Oceania the government forces its own citizens to participate in rewriting history. The Party oppresses the people by not allowing individual decisions. It demands that people must lie and therefore destroys an opportunity to speak freely. â€Å"The reporting of Big Brother’s Order for the Day in The Times of December 3rd 1983 is extremely unsatisfactory and makes references to non-existent persons. Rewrite it in full and submit your draft to higher authority before filing† (Orwell 24). By making citizens participate in the rewriting of their own history, the government is able to destroy individuality. Through this forced involvement in the manipulation of history the Party corrupts the mind and wipes out any trace of individuality inside. While the people’s minds are vulnerable, they are filled up with propaganda in support of the totalitarian government of Oceania. Government facilities of Oceania clearly display the Party’s commitment to oppression and dehumanization. They are prepared to lie to, and deceive the people for years to come. â€Å"There were the vast repositories where the corrected documents were stored, and the hidden furnaces where the original copies were destroyed. And somewhere or other, quite anonymous, there were the directing brains who co-ordinated the whole effort and laid down the lines of policy which made it necessary that this fragment of the past should be preserved, that one falsified, and the other rubbed out of existence† (Orwell 24). It’s shown that the Party does not care about humanity, individuality, or personal freedoms, therefore carries out its own agenda to achieve a society in which the people are totally controlled by the government. In conclusion George Orwell’s 1984 clearly depicts that human beings are susceptible to oppression and dehumanization in society. Orwell’s predictions about the political use of these technologies appear to have been accurate. Hence today, ‘News is whatever the government says it is, surveillance of ordinary citizens has entered the mainstream of police activity, reasonable search and seizure is a joke† (Deery). Through 1984 Orwell shows how the citizens of Oceania are oppressed and dehumanized through the Party’s manipulation of technology, language, media, and history. Orwell warns that oppression and dehumanization may be carried out by governments around the world, secretly manipulating us.

Proper Citation, Quotation and Referencing Using the Publication Manual of the Apa, 6th Edition

Running head: PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING Proper Citation, Quotation and Referencing Using The Publication Manual of the APA, 6th Edition Sample Paper Free Essays Biffy Wentworth University PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING Proper Citation, Quotation and Referencing Using The Publication Manual of the APA, 6th Edition Every student at some time in his or her college career will be called on to write a term paper for a course. Many students have never learned, or have not been taught, the proper form of citation, quotation and referencing using the Publication Manual of the APA. When students use citations incorrectly, they are running the risk that they are plagiarizing the author of the text that they are referencing in their paper. Whether these errors are intentional or unintentional, they are difficult to overcome. If the citations are incorrect, many of the facts stated and referenced in the paper may be incorrect as well. This will reflect poorly on the outcome of the student’s grade for the paper being reviewed. And that is unfortunate, since it is within the student’s grasp to review the Publication Manual of the APA for proper information regarding citations and uotations. In this way, the papers have the best opportunity to be well written, well cited and an interesting format for everyone involved in the process. The 6th Edition is the latest version of the manual of style, and it is a well written guide PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING for students to follow when completing their college level term papers and written assi gnments. Most professors at the college level, expect students to know how to use the Publication Manual of the APA to reference the citations and quotations used in the papers the students present on arious assigned topics. When the students are able to utilize the Publication Manual of the APA correctly, the papers are reflective of solid references and correct citations, and will most likely earn a higher grade than those that are submitted with incorrect citations and notations. Students who utilize the Publication Manual of the APA, 6th Edition are referencing the best source for correctly giving credit to the authors of the information used within their term papers and assignments. It is imperative that students give credit where credit is due, and that hey learn to follow the manual of style for giving credit to the copyrighted work of authors used in their term papers submitted for review and grading. Students will need to use primary sources when referencing work cited with in the body of the paper they are writing. For example, if a student is writing a paper on saving the polar bears, it will be important to get the best sources for the paper and to provide correct citations for those sources used. Before a student can cite a source, it is important to note that some sources are better than PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING others. Many students will use library sources or books as sources for their assignments. There are also a variety of sources available on the internet. It is critical that students understand what to use and not to use as references for internet sources. If a student wants to write a paper on saving the polar bears, using a Wikipedia or blog as a reference point is not the best idea. These sources are actually just the writer’s personal opinion, and will rarely be backed by credible information. Also, if the student goes to a website that has strong views for or against the topic, he or she may be using a biased site that is less than rofessional. The best websites to use for this type of project would be sites that are university based, have been peer reviewed, or are part of larger scientific studies on the polar bears and efforts to save their habitats. It is true that an encyclopedia source will have some information regarding polar bears, but it is better to review scientific st udies from accredited sources, such as National Geographic or other well known sites. Many references will be found, and if they are good sources, they can all be used since seven references are better than using only two for a term paper. PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING Once the student has reputable sources, and is developing the topic for the paper, it is time to think about the sources themselves. When students are using citations in a paper, it is crucial to give credit to the author. This may be a problem, since some sources do not have an author listed, are anonymous without an author noted. Other sources do not have page numbers, are missing the date the text was written, or are internet sources that appear to be professional but can’t be verified. At this point, the student will want to use the Publication Manual of the APA, th Edition to find the correct way to make the citation. The student will want to make the point he or she is making, in his or her own words, and use the source citation as back up to solidify that point. For example, if the student says that global warming is affecting the polar bear’s habitat, it is an empty statement without some professionally grounded proof o f the fact. Students can make a statement in their paper, and use their sources as proof of what they declare. These notations are put right in the body of the term paper to show that they haven’t just made up the facts, that they come from a reputable and rofessionally reviewed source. The student makes a statement, and should then follow it with a source within the body of the paper as proof. The scheme of events will look like this: student PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING statement, then proof (with citation in the body of the paper), statement, then proof. The reader will appreciate the proof as backup to the statements being made, and it makes the statements have more power to be backed up by professionals who agree with what is said. Citations can be paraphrased or quoted directly within the body of the paper. In fact, the Publication Manual of the APA states that when there are direct quotations, the information varies depending on whether using print or electric form. When citing print sources, give the â€Å"author, year, and page number in parentheses† (Publication Manual of the APA, 2010, p. 120). When students are paraphrasing, which means boiling down the phrases into their own words, the idea from the original source must also be given proper credit. This means that the student should correctly cite, and put quotations around the text that was used, so that the reader can go ack and find the citation and the context it was used in the original text. Students may also need to make a citation for secondary sources within the body of a term paper. A secondary source is when the author quotes someone else, and makes a citation within the text the student is quoting from. It is like a double quote, or a quote within a quote for the student interested in using the words that the a uthor got from someone else. If this is done, PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING the student needs to remember to put the secondary source in the reference listing too. A roperly cited secondary source would need to include the name of the original work, and the citation for the secondary source (Publication Manual of the APA, 2010, p. 247). The text citation will look like this: Gleason and McLurkin’s study (as cited in Tressel, Roger, 1990). If the student is interested in using quotation marks, special care needs to be taken to get it right. A double quotation mark should be used around direct quotes taken from a text. A single quotation mark is used â€Å"within double quotation marks to set off material that is in the original source† (Publication Manual of the APA, 2010, p. 119). The student can use a block of text if there are more than 40 words that are going to be used in the quote. For example, if the student wants to discuss a direct quote longer than 40 words, it would be separated like this, with no quotation marks necessary. The quotation should be indented five spaces from the left margin, in the same position as a new paragraph (Publication Manual of the APA, 2010, p. 117). It would be typed double space, just as the paper is typed, and should include the author’s last name and the publication date as an introduction to the quote. It should PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING nd with the page number noted so that the reader could find the original text if necessary. Johnson’s (1998) study on polar bears found the following: Polar bears live in the Northern Hemisphere only. They are great swimmers and they can outrun a man while on land. They have an average weight of one ton, and they eat several hundreds of pounds of fish a day . Polar bears have been known to kill off whole populations of indigenous seals in certain localities. They are known to hunt individually, preferring not to hunt in packs. They are so large that they often have been known to fall through solid ice platforms, which is never fatal. p. 114) This block of quoted text above would need to be cited at the end of the paper. The citation for this made up quote about polar bears may look like this citation below, and would be placed at the end of the paper under the References section. Johnson, Jeremy P. & Babush, Max R. (1998). The Complexities of Studying the Great Polar Bear in the Wild. Journal of Wildlife Sciences, 10(9), 114-127. Finally, if students are carful in their use of quoted materials and citations within their term papers, they will be good stewards of the words spoken by others that are used as reference. PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING In this way, their term papers will have valid ideas and thoughts backed up by facts from reputable sources. The reader will have a better understanding of the topic, and the subject matter will be clearer with correctly referenced works from experts in the fields they are writing about and studying. PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING References American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th Edition: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Digital Divide Essay

Digital divide refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology, and those with very limited or no access at all. A total of 161 countries were examined over the 1999-2001 period to identify the determinants of cross-countries disparities in personal computers and internet penetration. Basically digital divide exist because of socio economic factors, geographical factors, educational, attitudinal and generational factors. A further gap between the developed and underdeveloped world in the uptake of technology is evident within the global community, and may be of even greater significance. Digital divide is classified under four (4) successive types of access: Motivational, physical, skills and usage is observed. A shift of attention from physical access to skill and usage is observed. In terms of physical the divide seems to be closing in most developed countries, concerning digital skills and the use of applications the divide persists. Developing countries are lagging behind in digital library research and development, due to the digital divide as well as the lack of appropriate resources required for search and development. As a result users in developing world are being deprived of digital library services. Global library development can be used by users in developing countries: subject gateways, digital reference services, free access to e-journals and e-books in many areas, also educating individuals about digital divide and also the internet. Having disconnected areas be connected to the network and distributing free useful devices e.g. laptops, phones etc to be up to date. www.emeraldinsight.com/journal.htm?articled=867166&show=abstract[->0] www.sciencedirect.com www.springlink.com/content/ [->0] – http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journal.htm?articled=867166&show=abstract