The U.S. Presidents and Their Era

Learning the list of U.S. presidents -- in order  -- is an elementary school activity. Most everyone remembers the most important and best presidents, as well as those that served in wartime. But many of the rest are forgotten in the fog of memory or vaguely remembered but cant be placed in the right time frame. So, quick, when was Martin Van Buren president? What happened during his tenure? Gotcha, right? Heres  a refresher course on this fifth-grade subject that includes the 45 U.S. presidents as of January 2017, along with the defining issues of their eras.   U.S. Presidents 1789-1829 The earliest presidents, most of whom are considered to be Founding Fathers of the United States, are usually the easiest to remember. Streets, counties, and cities are named after all of them across the country. Washington is called the father of his country for good reason: His ragtag Revolutionary army beat the British, and that made the United States of America a country. He served as the countrys first president, guiding it through its infancy, and set the tone. Jefferson, the writer of the Declaration of Independence, expanded the country tremendously with the Louisiana Purchase. Madison, the father of the Constitution, was in the White House during the War of 1812 with the British (again), and he and wife Dolley had to famously escape the White House as it was burned by the British.  These early years saw the country carefully begin to find its way as a new nation. George Washington (1789-1797)John Adams (1797-1801)Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)James Madison (1809-1817)James Monroe (1817-1825)John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) U.S. Presidents 1829-1869 This period of U.S. history is marked by the searing controversy of slavery in the Southern states and compromises that tried -- and ultimately failed -- to solve the problem. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 all sought to deal with this issue, which inflamed passions both North and South. These passions ultimately erupted in secession and then the Civil War, which lasted from April 1861 to April 1865, a war that took the lives of 620,000 Americans, almost as many as in all other wars fought by Americans combined. Lincoln is, of course, remembered by all as the Civil War president trying to keep the Union intact, then guiding the North throughout the war and then attempting to bind up the nations wounds, as stated in his Second Inaugural Address. Also, as all Americans know, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth just after the war ended in 1865. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)William H. Harrison (1841)John Tyler (1841-1845)James K. Polk (1841-1849)Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)James Buchanan (1857-1861)Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) U.S. Presidents 1869-1909 This period, which stretches from just after the Civil War until the early part of the 20th century, was marked by Reconstruction, including the three Reconstruction Amendments (13, 14 and 15), the rise of the railroads, westward expansion, and wars with Native Americans in the areas where American pioneers were settling. Events like the Chicago Fire (1871), the first run of the Kentucky Derby (1875) the Battle of Little Big Horn (1876), the Nez Perce War (1877), the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge (1883), the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) and the Panic of 1893 define this era. Toward the end, the Gilded Age made its mark, and that was followed by the populist reforms of Theodore Roosevelt, which brought the country into the 20th century. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)James A. Garfield (1881)Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)William McKinley (1897-1901)Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) U.S. Presidents 1909-1945 Three momentous events dominated this time period: World War I, the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. Between World War I and the Great Depression came the Roaring 20s, a time of immense social change and huge prosperity, which all came to a screeching halt in October 1929, with the crash of the stock market. The country then plunged into a somber decade of extremely high unemployment, the Dust Bowl on the Great Plains and many home and business foreclosures. Virtually all Americans were affected. Then in December 1941, the Japanese bombed the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor, and the U.S. was drawn into World War II, which had been wreaking havoc in Europe since the fall of 1939. The war caused the economy to finally turn up. But the cost was high: World War II took the lives of more than 405,000 Americans in Europe and the Pacific. Franklin D. Roosevelt was president from 1932 to April 1945, when he died in office. He steered the ship of state through two of these traumatic times and left an enduring mark domestically with New Deal legislation. William H. Taft (1909-1913)Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) U.S. Presidents 1945-1989 Truman took over when FDR died in office and presided over the end of World War II in Europe and the Pacific, and he made the decision to use atomic weapons on Japan to end the war. And that ushered in whats called the Atomic Age and the Cold War, which continued until 1991 and the fall of the Soviet Union. This period is defined by peace and prosperity in the 1950s, the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, civil rights protests and civil rights legislative changes, and the Vietnam War. The late 1960s were particularly contentious, with Johnson taking much of the heat over Vietnam. The 1970s brought a watershed constitutional crisis in the form of Watergate. Nixon resigned in 1974 after the House of Representatives passed three articles of impeachment against him. The Reagan years brought peace and prosperity as in the 50s, with a popular president presiding. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974)Gerald R. Ford (1974-1977)Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) U.S. Presidents 1989-2017 This most recent era of American history is marked by prosperity but also by tragedy: The attacks of Sept.11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and including the lost plane in Pennsylvania took 2,996 lives and was the deadliest terrorist attack in history and the most horrific attack on the U.S. since Pearl Harbor. Terrorism and Mideast strife have dominated the period, with wars being fought in Afghanistan and Iraq soon after 9/11 and ongoing terrorism fears throughout these years. The 2008 financial crisis was the worst in the U.S. since the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929. George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)Bill Clinton (1993-2001)George W. Bush (2001-2009)Barack Obama (2009-2017)Donald Trump (2017- )

A Worn Path Summary - 805 Words

There are several different interpretations of A Worn Path, by Eudora Welty. Some believe that it is a story about life and death or about strength. While others believe it is about the love that a grandmother has for her grandchild. Although I am not completely opposed to the opinions of others, it is clearly a story that demonstrates a theme of racial inequality and the struggles African Americans had to endure to obtain freedom. The path itself is a symbol that makes it apparent that this is a story about racism. There is also evidence in the appearance of the main character, Phoenix, a black woman who is wearing a red bandana, apron, and a striped dress. Lastly, the supporting characters in the story such as, the white hunter,†¦show more content†¦These kids are an indication of the slaves that had already escaped and were celebrating their new found freedom. As Phoenix continues on her journey through town, she reaches the medical building, where she is not pleas antly welcomed by one of the attendants. As Phoenix enters the building, the attendant speaks about her saying, â€Å"a charity case, I suppose† and impolitely calls her â€Å"granny† (269). Once again, Welty uses characters to show the disrespect blacks received from white people in that era. The short story, A Worn Path,† represents through symbolism the obstacles that African Americans had to face on their path to freedom and racial equality. Throughout the story there are many references to race and racism, with some symbols being obvious and others being more subtle. Eudora Welty was one of the few writers of her time who were not afraid to show the hidden side of racial inequality inShow MoreRelatedSummary Of A Worn Path 1331 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1: In the short story â€Å"A Worn Path† there is this old lady that walks a long distance and faces plenty obstacles in her journey. Like her dress getting stuck on thorns in the woods, which she precisely untangles her dress very calmly and very precautiously because she doesn t want to mess it up. She encounters a scare from dogs which ultimately ends her falling into a well   and a huntsman guy helped her out and held a gun to her face which she didn t really phase from it since she toldRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path956 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction James Saunders wrote an interesting article â€Å"’A Worn Path’ The Eternal Quest of Welty’s Phoenix Jackson† (The Southern Literary Journal 25.1, Fall 1992: p62-73.) that not only analyzed Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† (The Collected Works of Eudora Welty) from his perspective but also included the perspectives of other authors which makes his article an excellent source for interpretations of ‘A Worn Path’. Summary Saunders article summarizes Phoenix Jackson as a symbol of the ChristianRead MoreThe Road Not Taken Analysis Essays5699 Words   |  23 Pageslong I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sigh Read MoreFairytales are not what they seem. Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pagesvariation of Little Red Riding Hood called In the Company of Wolves, written by Angela Carter. I will recount ancient folklore of werewolves, introduce the sexually charged characters as I walk with you through the seemingly familiar yet much more raw path to grandmother’s house, and take you on a journey from virginity to womanhood. TR*: We should begin by introducing some key werewolf folklore†¦ BODY There was once a woman who married a man who vanished on her wedding night. The bride lay down onRead MoreRelationships In Hemingways The Old Man And The Sea1269 Words   |  6 Pagesand therefore our character for the better. Preview In order to prove this lesson Hemingway includes Manolin as the apprentice archetype when he is taught how to fish by Santiago, foreshadowing before Santiago leaves, and taking the â€Å"already worn hero’s path† when Santiago returns from his journey. Along with these proofs Harry Potter is a prime example of the benefits of this type of relationship. Evidence and Explanation One When we first meet Santiago and Manolin we immediately see their lovingRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 PagesA Worn Path by Eudora Welty Copyright Notice  ©1998−2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.  ©2007 eNotes.com LLC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storageRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 PagesA Worn Path by Eudora Welty Copyright Notice  ©1998−2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.  ©2007 eNotes.com LLC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storageRead MoreRobert Frost and Langston Hughes576 Words   |  2 PagesFrost and Langston Hughes Basic Information: Author: Robert Frost Poem: The Road Not Taken Publishing Date: 1916 Summary: Frost wrote this poem about how a person took a walk and had to choose one path or the other. Both paths seemed equally worn and leafy. However when looking back later the narrator begins to think that maybe he chose the path less traveled. Rhyme Scheme and Lines: This poem has Iambic tetrameter. It has nine syllables per line. Poetic Devices: FrostRead MoreEssay Reconciling the Cuban Embargo1249 Words   |  5 Pagesnotoriety do come from this technical arena. However he did attend the Harvard Kennedy School where he studied under James Sebenius. His study of negotiation is showcased in this work. Maybe there is a role for him on the next diplomatic mission. Summary The book opens with a primer on what reconciliation is and how one develops a competency in reconciliation. He advocates the need for both the US and Cuba to develop this skill set in order to move the current relationship forward. Next there isRead MoreEngineering Design And Manufacture By Looking At Traditional Manufacturing Processes And Non Contact Processes1558 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 – Summary In this assignment I have demonstrated an understanding of engineering design and manufacture by looking at traditional manufacturing processes and non-contact processes. I have selected the right process/process and its suitable materials, economics, quality issues, dimensional accuracy and they’re advantages/disadvantages. I have given a thorough conclusion on what method I believe is the best depending on the quantity of lathe carrier body’s being made and also value for money. Table

Effects of Fatigue Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Fatigue management. Answer: Fatigue management Fatigue is the type of the disease that is caused due to tiredness and the fact that it lack of sleep. Due to the effects of fatigue, the physical and mental performance of an individual is significantly lowered and it also cause in poor judgmental capability. The excessive stress and the work pressure among the healthcare workers are regarded as the main cause of fatigue (Vogelaar et al. 2014). In order to manage the signs and symptoms that are related to fatigue disease, it is important to identify and do proper diagnosis of the disease. After the diagnosis is done, it is important to identify the cause of the disease, which will help to deal with the management of this disease. It is important to have a fixed working schedule for the healthcare workers, which will help them in the matters of dealing with the high level of stress. With the shifting type of duty, in the healthcare centers for all the workers it is possible to ensure that all the shifts are managed by the all the workers and the stress of working in the busy hours or in the night shift is being distributed among all the workers in a healthcare center. Even during the time of busy working hours and during the time of dealing with the critical cases, all the workers are advised to take short period of breaks. The healthcare workers, who are mainly involved in the emergency department of the hospitals can also take regular breaks and engage in other light and stress less activities of the daily life. As the factors that are responsible for causing fatigue are identified, it is important for the health care workers to take proper precautions to reduce the effects that are related that are related to cause of stress. It is the duty of every healthcare worker to maintain a strict working schedule, which will also provide them with adequate time of sleep. It is also important to use proper sleeping pills that can help in the matter providing adequate sleep (Mogush et al. 2016). However, it is important for them to take the sleeping drugs in the proper manner as without proper recommended dosage, as they are usually associated with severe side-effects. The workers also need to perform regular relaxing exercise, which help them to deal with the high level of stress and can also ensure that they can quality of sleep. The workers can also take short period of naps during the time of heavy working pressure. In order to have proper and quality sleep, it is important to maintain the healthy environment around the sleeping areas. For example, by maintaining the total darkness and use of proper cooling system to have a comfortable environment can help to provide nice quality of sleep. It is also important to keep away the cellular and mobile electronic devices during the time of sleep (Connolly et al. 2014). With the help of measures of fatigue management it is possible to overcome the physical exhaustion of all Health care workers. Hence, it is also possible to improve the quality of treatment that is provided mother health Care workers. The use of technology in healthcare management can also help in dealing with fatigue and exhaustion among the workers. Latest medical instruments can help the workers to ease up on the duties of health Care thereby ensure that the process of fatigue is minimized. Preparation of enough countermeasures of fatigue can help the health care workers to minimize the symptoms of stress and excessive work pressure (ORiordan et al. 2017). Effective management plan in the workplace of Health Care Unit needs to ensure that all the workers get proper time of rest after the end of each duty. This will minimize the risk of fatigue and exhaustion Reference Connolly, D., McNally, A., Moran, D. and Ryan, M., 2014. Fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus: impact on occupational participation and reported management strategies. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 77(7), pp.373-380. Mogush, A., Lindstrom, K. and Mathiowetz, V., 2016. Effectiveness of One-to-One Fatigue Management Course on Fatigue and Self-Efficacy for Persons With Chronic Conditions. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(4_Supplement_1), pp.7011520299p1-7011520299p1. ORiordan, R., Doran, M. and Connolly, D., 2017. Fatigue and Activity Management Education for Individuals with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Occupational Therapy International,2017. Vogelaar, L., van't Spijker, A., Timman, R., van Tilburg, A.J., Bac, D., Vogelaar, T., Kuipers, E.J., van Busschbach, J.J. and van der Woude, C.J., 2014. Fatigue management in patients with IBD: a randomised controlled trial. Gut, 63(6), pp.911-918.

International Monetary Fund

Introduction The economies of most countries were affected badly and left in a struggling state after the World War II. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was initiated in the year 1944 and then formally established in the year 1945. Initially, the organization consisted of only 29 countries (De, 2011). The major objective of the IMF was to help in reconstructing the economies of the nations that were badly affected by the war.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Monetary Fund specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Countries that had economic imbalances would borrow money from the fund and repay over an agreed period. It is normal that nations suffer in terms of economic, political, as well as social well-being after war. War is expensive to nations that participate in it. A country that is not strong economically will suffer more compared to nations that are economically stable in the event of wa r. It becomes difficult for economically weak countries to finance their activities post-war due to the effects they suffer during war. To revive their economies, such nations depend on loans and grants from international organizations (De, 2011). The International Monetary Fund not only assists countries that are affected by war, but it also gives loans to nations whose economic difficulties are as a result of any other reason. It is imperative to note that the number of member nations has grown from 29 in the year 1948 to about 188 countries today. All these member nations are also members of the United Nations, apart from the Republic of Kosovo. The IMF has helped in increasing the stability of nations. The IMF has also been instrumental in the development of international trade. International trade has become of more importance since it facilitates globalization over the past couple of decades. In addition, the IMF has helped in the reduction of poverty across the world, as well as reducing the rate of unemployment. This research paper will focus on the ways in which the International Monetary Fund helped in reviving the world economy following the 2nd World War. The promotion of global monetary cooperation One of the reasons why the IMF was created was to promote the global monetary corporation. The IMF is an international body that helps nations that have trade imbalances. Promoting monetary cooperation with the IMF was to be done via an institution where countries would make consultation, as well as collaborations regarding the international monetary problems.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is a forum where nations would bring their monetary problems to the set institutions. They would then explain the problems and later get advice on how to deal with them. Since the institutions were open to various countries who were members of the IMF, it provided the chance for countries to meet with other countries which they would collaborate with in order to find solutions to their problems (Lazarus, 2002). It is important to note that there was no monetary cooperation between nations prior to the mid-20th century. In addition, there was no economic cooperation. This changed in the 1940s when the IMF was founded. When the organization was formed, it established a mechanism that would encourage cooperation between nations. The mechanism that it established was a permanent one. The IMF believed that if nations worked in cooperation, they would increase their chances of succeeding both financially and economically. This was the philosophy behind the formation of these cooperation mechanisms. There were many restrictions that existed between countries before the organization was formed, thus making it difficult for them to trade among themselves and even cooperate in any economic activities. Exchange of currencies was dif ficult, making it difficult for nations to make payments for goods and services within the required time. This was a barrier to economic development since it made trade difficult (Griesgraber, 2009). Encouraging cooperation between nations was effective in that it brought ‘economic miracles’ to nations. Member nations of the IMF were able to meet the problems that barred cooperation between them. The developing nations and the developed nations were integrated into the global economy in order to help them deal with some of the problems that they were facing. For instance, when the nations were integrated into the global economy, they were able to deal with the debt crisis that existed in the 1980s. In addition, communist economies were encouraged and the economic crises in the 1990s were dealt with effectively. This was one of the initiatives that led to the development of globalization. It is important to note that globalization started in the 20th century, around the same time when the IMF was formed and following the end of the 2nd World War. It is, therefore, an indication that the efforts by the IMF to form cooperation mechanisms that eliminated barriers between nations was one factor that led to the development of globalization. Globalization is a major factor in the growth of the national economy in today’s economic world. Organizations such as multinationals are formed through globalization (Haynes, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Monetary Fund specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are organizations that generate a lot of revenue to the economy and they are effective in the economic development of nations. It is due to globalization that most technologies have developed today. Innovations have also increased, making trade to develop and become of much significance in the growth of national, as well as global economies. Therefore th e IMF helped in reconstructing the economy of the globe after the World War II through the promotion of global monetary cooperation. Stability of the country’s financial standing The IMF was also instrumental in promoting the financial standing of nations. There were countries that were facing difficulties in terms of finance in the early 20th century, while others were financially stable. This created imbalances in the world economy, a factor that IMF was determined to address. One of the ways in which IMF addressed this issue is that it collected money from the nations. This is where nations would contribute through a quota system to a pool of money. Countries that contributed to this pool of money were mainly those nations that had some stability in their economies. Countries that were facing payment imbalances would then borrow from this fund and were expected to repay it over an agreed period of time. When a country borrowed the money, it would meet most of its financial obligations and improve the payment imbalances to increase its financial stability. In addition, lending countries money would help them establish corrective measures that would help them avoid any abnormal changes on external imbalances (Fritz-Krockow, Ramlogan International Monetary Fund, 2007). Countries that are facing difficulties in balance of payments are not likely to develop in terms of the economy, thus they remain highly unstable. Such countries may not be able to finance most of their government activities. This means that most programs in the country end up failing and the citizens face difficulties since it becomes difficult for them to meet their basic needs. The instability that results from such imbalances is what the IMF tried to solve in order to fuel reconstruction of the global economy after the 2nd World War. It helped member nations to mobilize external funds that would help them meet their needs on balance of payment and increase their economic stability (G artner, 2013).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The increase in international trade International trade is one of the things that contribute to the growth of the global economy. International trade refers to the trade activities between nations. It is important to note that international trade is not the same as globalization; however, globalization has developed through international trade. Despite the fact that international trade has the ability to improve the economy of the globe, it is faced with a number of barriers that prevent its development. Among the barriers are the restrictions that are put in place by various nations. These restrictions were very common in the early years of the 20th century. Most nations had put laws and regulations that prevented free trade with other nations. As a result, it was difficult for international trade to flourish and realize global economic growth. Among the functions that the IMF conducted was to promote international trade through elimination of these trade barriers. IMF informs its member nations about the conditions and the economic statuses in other nations (Pop-Eleches, 2011). This is a factor that helps the member states to take advantage of the economic status in other countries to exploit opportunities in order to promote international trade through investment. For instance, exchange of currencies was made easy by the IMF. It became easy for a nation to make payments for goods and services from other nations. The IMF also helped in the increase of the global supply of international reserves. The IMF facilitated the issue of an international reserve asset that was referred to as the Special Drawing Right (SDR). The reserve was to be issued in instances where there was need for supplementing the existing reserve assets. This SDR was kept as an international reserve and could be exchanged for currencies that were convertible. One thing that has to be noted is that the SDR is not a claim on the IMF. However, it is a unit under which the financial transaction s of the IMF can be accounted for. This reserve has the ability to impact on international trade. It is a reserve supplementing the reserves of the member nations and makes them get money to finance trade and facilitate exchange of currencies. Consequently, the International Monetary Fund was able to fuel reconstruction of the global economy after the Second World War and in the early years of the 20th century (McEuen International Monetary Fund, 2001). Advancing economic growth and high employment rate A large number of people were jobless in the early 20th century, a situation that had led to high poverty levels in most countries. One of the reasons why the rate of unemployment was high is due to the minimal trade that existed between nations. More business organizations and trading activities emerge when trade increases. As a result, people are able to get employments. Therefore, one of the strategies that IMF used to reduce the rate of unemployment was to improve international trade. As earlier mentioned, international trade failed to develop prior to the formation of IMF due to the many trade restrictions that existed among countries. The first initiative by the IMF was, therefore, to eradicate all those trade barriers among the member countries. This eased transactions that were to be conducted among nations (Gupta, Fonds moneÃŒ taire international, Development Assistance Committee’s Forum on Key Elements for Poverty Reduction Strategies, 1998). Another way through which the IMF helped in creating employment was by providing funds to nations that were suffering from trade imbalances. These funds would help the member nations make investments on government projects. This would also create employment for citizens. People have little or no income when they are not employed, and their standards of living are usually low and poor. However, the IMF helped in the reconstruction of the world’s economy after the Second World War by facilitating g rowth and development of international trade and creation of employment. Reduce the need and poverty around the world Many people were living in poverty as a result of high rates of unemployment. The rate of poverty was especially high in countries that were regarded as low income earners. These were nations whose economies were lagging behind and whose development was low. The IMF was committed to elevating the rate of in poverty in these nations. One of the reasons why the many parts of the world were living in poverty is because most citizens were not employed; therefore, people had no income to better their lives. It is difficult for a nation that has poor people to develop economically. In fact, one of the measures that indicate economic growth is increase in the living standards of people. This acts as an indicator that people have income to improve their living standards (Boughton, 2001). The IMF was determined to reduce the level of poverty that existed in various countries after the World War II. One way to do this was to give loans to such nations to help them meet their needs and finance their projects. The loans were given at a low interest rate and the payback period for the loans was given to be longer than normal. Further, promoting the development of productive resources would facilitate the creation of employment and, in turn, avail real income to citizens. This would help citizens improve their living conditions. The surveillance of the economic policies of the member countries was integral in improving the level of poverty that existed among nations. This helped in the reconstruction of the world’s economy after the World War II. Conclusion The IMF was formed in 1945 and has since then been playing a major role in establishing economic stability and growth among nations in the world. The organization was formed with only 29 member countries initially, but it has grown to include 188 countries today. The IMF helps member nations grow e conomically by providing loans to nations that have trade imbalances. As a result, the rates of employment in these nations’ increase and the levels of poverty are reduced. It is, therefore, evident that the policies set by the IMF have been effective in the reconstruction of the world’s economy after the World War II. References Boughton, J. M. (2001). Silent revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979-1989. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. De, J. A. (2011).Transnational corporations and international law: Accountability in the global business environment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub. Fritz-Krockow, B., Ramlogan, P., International Monetary Fund. (2007). International Monetary Fund handbook: Its functions, policies, and operations. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, Secretary’s Department Gartner, D. (2013). Uncovering Bretton Woods: Conditional transparency, The World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. George Washington International Law Review, 45(1), 121-148 Griesgraber, J. (2009). Reforms for major new roles of the International Monetary Fund? The IMF post-G-20 Summit. Global Governance, 15(2), 179-185. Gupta, S., Fonds moneÃŒ taire international Development Assistance Committee’s Forum on Key Elements for Poverty Reduction Strategies. (1998). The IMF and the poor. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund Haynes, J. (2012). Overseeing the international financial and monetary system: a critical analysis of the International Monetary Fund’s Article IV surveillance mandate. Law Financial Markets Review, 6(4), 292-295 Lazarus, S. L. (2002). IFC and its role in globalization: Highlights from IFC’s participants meeting, Washington, D.C., June 6-7, 2001. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. McEuen, J., International Monetary Fund. (2001). Financial organization and operations of the IMF. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Pop-Eleches, G. (2011). From economic crisis t o reform: IMF Programs in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. This research paper on International Monetary Fund was written and submitted by user Lilly Cunningham to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.